This paper presents a systematic review of community-based extracurricular education as a strategic approach to enhancing learning outcomes in underfunded schools. Drawing from an extensive analysis of empirical studies across various global contexts, the paper explores the conceptual foundations, theoretical frameworks, and practical implementation considerations of these programs. Central concepts such as community-based learning, extracurricular engagement, and educational equity are defined and examined through the lens of socio-cultural learning theory and ecological systems theory. The review synthesizes findings on academic, social-emotional, and behavioral impacts, highlighting the value of extracurricular programs in addressing the limitations of under-resourced formal education. Key implementation factors, including stakeholder collaboration, resource sustainability, and policy alignment, are discussed to offer actionable insights. While the evidence base affirms the positive influence of these initiatives, the paper identifies methodological and contextual gaps, calling for more rigorous and inclusive research. The conclusion reinforces the transformative potential of community-driven educational interventions in promoting equity, engagement, and lifelong learning.