Nigeria has long been recognized by international monitoring bodies as one of the top countries of origin, transit and destination for women and girls trafficked both internally and across its borders, primarily for purposes of sexual exploitation (International Organization for Migration [IOM] n.d.; U.S. Department of State 2024). Nigeria has a relatively strong law package, such as the Child Rights Act 2003, the violence against persons (prohibition) act 2015 and the trafficking in persons (prohibition) enforcement and administration act 2015, but implementation has been weak and thousands of women and girls are still recruited, transported, and sexually exploited domestically and internationally, especially from Edo, Delta, and Kano States and the conflict affected North-East. The review brings together the legal, institutional, and empirical literature on trafficking and sexual violence in Nigeria, and outlines the legal framework, the institutional response by the National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons (NAPTIP) and the socio-economic, cultural, and belief-system factors that contribute to the persistence of the trade. The review identifies that despite the existence of federal statutes that bind the Federal Capital Territory, there is a patchwork of protection across the thirty-six States with low prosecution rates and conviction rates when compared to the scale of the problem; that survivors are still experiencing stigma, lack of adequate psychosocial support, and increased risk of re-trafficking upon reintegration; and that those identified and prosecuted are receiving inadequate treatment from Justice. The review establishes that despite federal statutes binding the Federal Capital Territory, there is a patchwork of protection across the thirty-six States, with low prosecution rates and conviction rates when compared to the scale of the problem, and that survivors are continuing to experience stigma, lack of adequate psychosocial support, and increased risk of re-trafficking upon reintegration, and that those identified and prosecuted are receiving inadequate treatment from Justice. The review ends with recommendations for the harmonisation of legislation, survivor-centred and trauma-informed practice, improved data systems, and continued community-based prevention in high-prevalence States.