Abstract

The study investigated the relationships among learning resources, digital self-efficacy, motivation, support systems, and learning outcomes in online learning environments among college students in Camiguin, Philippines. With the rapid shift to online education accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic, understanding these dynamics is crucial for enhancing student experiences and success in remote learning. This research employed a quantitative multivariate approach, surveying 223 college students to analyze how these variables interact and influence learning outcomes. A regression analysis was conducted to examine the influence of learning resources on learning outcomes, revealing a significant positive relationship. Learning resources explained approximately 18.7% of the variance in learning outcomes, with each unit increase in learning resources associated with a 0.418-unit increase in learning outcomes. Mediation analyses were performed to assess the mediating roles of support system and motivation in the relationship between learning resources and learning outcomes. The results showed that support system partially mediated this relationship, with learning resources having both a direct positive effect on learning outcomes (β = 0.362) and an indirect effect through support system (β = 0.258). Similarly, motivation partially mediated the relationship, with learning resources directly influencing learning outcomes (β = 0.314) and indirectly through motivation (β = 0.306). Digital self-efficacy was found to have a significant direct positive effect on learning outcomes (β = 0.541), even after accounting for the mediating effects of support system and motivation. The total effects of learning resources on learning outcomes, including both direct and indirect effects, were significant (β = 0.620). Findings indicate that adequate learning resources and strong support systems significantly enhance students' digital self-efficacy and motivation, which in turn positively affect their academic performance. The study offers valuable insights for higher education institutions and policymakers to improve online education strategies, particularly in underserved regions.