Abstract

This review paper explores the critical role of reverse logistics in the pharmaceutical supply chain as a pathway to sustainable disposal. It examines the multifaceted challenges associated with managing the return, recycling, and safe disposal of pharmaceutical products, including expired drugs, unused medications, and medical devices. The paper synthesizes existing literature to identify key drivers for implementing robust reverse logistics systems, such as regulatory compliance, public health safety, environmental protection, and economic benefits. It outlines the core components of an effective reverse logistics model, from collection and consolidation to final disposal or recovery. By analyzing current practices and identifying technological advancements and policy innovations, this paper proposes a strategic framework to enhance efficiency and sustainability. The ultimate goal is to provide a comprehensive overview that informs future research and guides policymakers and industry stakeholders toward developing more responsible and environmentally conscious disposal methods in the pharmaceutical sector.