This review comprehensively examines recent advancements in cementitious composites specifically designed for 3D printing applications in interior and exterior construction. Since 2018, the rapid evolution of printable binders and composite materials has significantly expanded the possibilities for additive manufacturing in the built environment, enabling more sustainable, efficient, and architecturally complex structures. The paper synthesizes current research trends, material formulations, and performance characteristics critical to optimizing 3D printing processes and end-use applications. Key innovations include the development of tailored cementitious mixes that balance printability, buildability, mechanical strength, and durability. These composites often incorporate supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) such as fly ash, silica fume, and slag to improve workability and sustainability by reducing the clinker content. Additionally, novel admixtures and rheology modifiers have been introduced to precisely control setting times and extrusion consistency, addressing challenges related to layer adhesion and shape retention. The review further explores fiber reinforcement strategies using synthetic and natural fibers to enhance tensile strength, toughness, and crack resistance, which are vital for both structural integrity and long-term performance of printed components. Particular attention is given to engineered composites such as ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) and geopolymer-based mixtures, which demonstrate superior mechanical and environmental properties. Material characterization techniques and standardized testing protocols are discussed to ensure quality control and reproducibility in large-scale printing applications. The integration of digital design with material innovation is highlighted as a key enabler for customized geometries and functional gradation within printed elements, promoting new architectural and engineering possibilities. This synthesis of material innovations underscores the transformative potential of emerging cementitious composites in 3D printed construction, addressing both aesthetic and performance demands for interiors and exteriors. By focusing on binder chemistry, additives, and reinforcement approaches developed post-2018, this review contributes to a foundational understanding of the state-of-the-art materials enabling the next generation of additive manufacturing in the construction industry.