This research paper examines the critical role of program and performance budgeting (PPB) in enhancing the strategic allocation of public funds and accelerating progress toward achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Through a comprehensive analysis of contemporary budgeting practices, empirical evidence, and case studies from various countries, this study demonstrates how performance-based budgeting mechanisms can serve as powerful tools for optimizing resource allocation and improving development outcomes. The research reveals that countries implementing robust PPB systems have achieved statistically significant improvements in budget efficiency, with variance reductions of up to 8.3% and enhanced alignment with SDG targets. The paper presents a framework for integrating performance metrics with SDG indicators, providing policy recommendations for governments seeking to maximize the impact of their public expenditure on sustainable development objectives.